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1.    Answer B. The priority is postoperative respiratory toilet. This client will quickly develop profound atelectasis and eventually pneumonia without adequate gas exchange. This will only be achieved with the appropriate pain management.
2.    Answer D.  Blood that comes in contact with the pleural space becomes defibrinogenated and usually will not clot. It is not unusual for blood to collect in the chest and be released into the chest drain when the client changes position. The dark color of the blood indicates it is not fresh bleeding inside the chest
3.    Answer D. Although all of these findings are abnormal, the elevated potassium is a life threatening finding and must be reported immediately.
4.    Answer B. The atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His), a part of the electrical conduction system of the heart, extends from the atrioventricular node along each side of the interventricular septum and then divides into right and left bundle branches. Surgical repair of a ventricular septal defect consists of a purse-string approach or a patch sewn over the opening.
5.    Answer B. The purpose of the chest tube is to create negative pressure and remove the air that has accumulated in the pleural space.
6.    Answer A. The findings are indicative of circulatory impairment. The physician (or practitioner) must be notified immediately.
7.    Answer C.  A low oxygen level acts as a stimulus for respiration. A high concentration of supplemental oxygen removes the hypoxic drive to breathe, leading to increased hypoventilation, respiratory decompensation, and the development of or worsening of respiratory acidosis. Unless corrected, it can lead to the client’s death.
8.    Answer C.  Reinforce the dressing, elevate the extremity to decrease blood flow into the extremity and thus decrease bleeding, and call the physician immediately. This is an emergency post surgical situation.
9.    Answer B.  A number of situations can cause the high pressure alarm to sound. It can be as simple as the client coughing. A quick assessment of the client will alert the nurse to whether it is a more serious or complex situation that might then require using a manual resuscitation bag and calling the respiratory therapist.
10.    Answer D.  Although all of these findings are abnormal, the elevated potassium is a life threatening finding and must be reported immediately.
11.    Answer D. Blood that comes in contact with the pleural space becomes defibrinogenated and usually will not clot. It is not unusual for blood to collect in the chest and be released into the chest drain when the client changes position. The dark color of the blood indicates it is not fresh bleeding inside the chest.
12.    Answer B. The priority is postoperative respiratory toilet. This client will quickly develop profound atelectasis and eventually pneumonia without adequate gas exchange. This will only be achieved with the appropriate pain management.
13.    Answer C. Client’s having the insertion of a central venous catheter are at risk for tension pneumothorax. Dyspnea, shortness of breath and chest pain are indications of this complication.
14.    Answer C. Pulse oximetry should not be lower than 90.
15.    Answer B. Clients develop leukopenia due to the depressant effect of radiation therapy on bone marrow function. Infection is the most frequent cause of morbidity and death in clients with cancer.
16.    Answer B. The purpose of the chest tube is to create negative pressure and remove the air that has accumulated in the pleural space.
17.    Answer B. The atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His), a part of the electrical conduction system of the heart, extends from the atrioventricular node along each side of the interventricular septum and then divides into right and left bundle branches. Surgical repair of a ventricular septal defect consists of a purse-string approach or a patch sewn over the opening.
18.    Answer B. Deep air excursion by turning, coughing, and deep breathing will expand the lungs and stimulate surfactant production. The nurse should instruct the client on how to splint the chest when coughing. Humidification, hydration and nutrition all play a part in preventing atelectasis following surgery.
19.    Answer B. A client undergoing myelography should be questioned carefully about allergies to iodine and iodine-containing substances such as seafood. An allergy to iodine or seafood may indicate sensitivity to the radiopaque contrast agent used in the test. An allergy to iodine or seafood may indicate sensitivity to the radiopaque contrast agent used in the test. An allergic reaction could be as serious as seizures.
20.    Answer C. Loss of the pulse in the extremity would indicate impaired circulation.

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